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A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which one
substance called the solute is uniformly dispersed and the other substance is
called the solvent. The solute and solvent do not react with each other and can
be mixed in varying proportions.
·
Sugar in sugar water is the solute and water is
the solvent. Carbon dioxide in soda is the solute and the liquid is the solute.
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Hydrogen bonds occur between molecules where a
partially positive hydrogen is attracted to the strongly electronegative atoms
of O, N, or F in other molecules.
·
In water, hydrogen bonds are formed by the
attraction between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom in
another molecule.
·
The attractive forces of several water molecules
provide the energy to break the ionic bonds between Na and Cl ions in the NaCl
crystal.
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Solutes can be classified by their ability to
conduct an electrical current. When solutes called electrolytes dissolve in
water, they separate into ions, which are able to conduct electricity.
·
Non electrolytes will form but won’t form ions.
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Solubility is used to describe the amount of a
solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
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If a solute readily dissolves when added to the
solvent, the solution does not contain the maximum amount of solute. This is
unsaturated.
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Saturated means that the liquid has dissolved
all the solute that it can.
·
The solubility of most solids is grater as
temperature increases, which means that solutions usually contain more
dissolved solute at higher temperatures
·
The amount of solute dissolves in a certain
amount of solution is called concentration of the solution.
o
Concentration
= amount of solute/amount of solution
·
Because the volumes of liquids or gases are
easily measured, the concentrations of their solutions are often expressed as
volume percent.
o
Volume percent
(% v/v)= volume of solute/volume of solution X 100%
·
A mass/volume percent is calculated by dividing
grams of the solute by the mL of the solution and multiplying 100
o
Mass/volume percent (%m/v) = grams of solute/mL
of solution X 100%
·
Molarity is the concentration that states the
number of moles of solute in exactly 1L of solution.
o
Molarity (M) = moles of solute/liters of
solution
·
Dilution is the process when a solvent is added
to a solution in which increases the volume and decreases the concentration
o
C1V1 = C2V2
·
When the concentration is given as molarity (M),
the moles of the solute are obtained from the volume (L) and the molarity
o
Moles of solute = molarity (moles/L) X volume
(L)
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Isotonic solutions exert the same osmotic
pressure as body fluids; NaCl and D5 are the most isotonic
·
Hypotonic has a lower solute concentration so it
the solution can flow into cells by osmosis, possible causing the cells to
burst.
·
Hypertonic has a high solute concentration, so
the water will be drawn to it, causing the cells to shrink.
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